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Hearing, Hearing Aids, and Cognition: An Audiologist's Guide to Evaluating Evidence, in partnership with the American Academy of Audiology

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1.  What percentage of global dementia cases are attributable to hearing loss, per the Lancet Commission on Dementia?
  1. 0-2%
  2. 50-80%
  3. 7-10%
  4. 99%
2.  Which of the following is NOT one of Hill’s Criteria of Causality?
  1. Mediation
  2. Strength of association
  3. Consistency
  4. Plausability
3.  In the ACHIEVE Trial, hearing intervention delayed cognitive decline by 48% over 3-years in which population?
  1. Everyone
  2. A subgroup recruited from an ongoing epidemiologic trial who happened to be less healthy overall and lower socioeconomic status and were randomized to the intervention
  3. All those who received the intervention
  4. No one
4.  Which of the following is NOT a reason observational data are unreliable for assessing treatment intervention effects of hearing care on cognitive decline?
  1. The association between hearing aid use and higher socioeconomic status is strong and difficult to tease apart.
  2. There is limited data on hearing aid use beyond simple yes or no ownership.
  3. Observational trials are often more generalizable.
  4. Confounders are not balanced between those receiving and not receiving the intervention.
5.  Which of the following is NOT a proposed pathway linking hearing loss and cognitive decline presented during the talk?
  1. Social isolation
  2. Structural brain effects
  3. Cognitive load
  4. Physical activity
6.  In a study estimating risk of dementia by hearing status, Deal et al. (2017) found incident dementia was associated with which degree of hearing loss?
  1. No hearing loss
  2. Mild hearing loss
  3. Moderate or greater hearing loss
  4. All hearing loss
7.  If hearing couldn’t be measured in adults with dementia, then the literature would be subject to what bias?
  1. Information bias
  2. Selection bias
  3. Confounding
  4. No bias
8.  When estimating the effect of hearing aids on cognition in observational research, the population should be limited to which group?
  1. Those without hearing loss
  2. Those with hearing loss
  3. Everyone
  4. Males only
9.  Randomized trials do not do which of the following?
  1. Establish temporality
  2. Remove selection bias
  3. Mask to reduce information bias
  4. Provide completely generalizable results
10.  In an exploratory analysis of the ACHIEVE trial, researchers found a benefit of hearing care resulting in a 61.6% reduction in cognitive decline in what group?
  1. Participants in the top quartile of risk for cognitive decline
  2. Healthy volunteers
  3. Everyone who received a hearing aid
  4. Only older adults

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