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Hearing Intervention and Cognition: Review of the Evidence and Current Trials

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1.  Hearing loss is associated with which conditions?
  1. Decreased health-related quality of life
  2. Social isolation and increase risk of depression
  3. Accelerated cognitive decline and dementia
  4. All of the above
2.  Hearing loss has been independently associated with:
  1. No increase risk of incident dementia
  2. Double the risk of incident dementia
  3. 2-5 fold increase risk of incident dementia
  4. Unable to determine from available studies
3.  Determining the role of hearing intervention attenuating cognitive decline/dementia in observational studies is not possible because
  1. Individuals choosing the use hearing devices differ may differ substantially from those who do not
  2. There is a lack of adequacy, quality, and duration of hearing intervention documented from the observational studies
  3. The role of hearing loss type, degree, and configuration is not well understood
  4. All of the above
4.  The evidence-based management of hearing loss employs which key elements?
  1. Individualized communication needs assessment and goal setting
  2. Management using sensory aids such as hearing aids or OIDs
  3. A systematic and iterative approach to support self-management of hearing loss
  4. All of the above
5.  What are the outcome measures in current studies evaluating the influence of hearing intervention on cognition and quality of life?
  1. Speech recognition in noise
  2. Neurocognitive assessment
  3. Self-reported questionnaires
  4. All of the above
6.  Why is treatment fidelity in large multi-site clinical trials evaluating the influence of hearing intervention important?
  1. Conclusive statements about intervention effects can’t be made without fidelity
  2. Audiology research as a whole can only benefit from studies that are more reliable, valid, and clinically applicable
  3. Having definitive evidence will change the landscape of hearing healthcare
  4. All of the above
7.  Obtaining a patient’s perceived benefit from their hearing intervention can be obtained through?
  1. Self-reported questionnaires
  2. Objective speech-in-noise testing
  3. Hearing healthcare provider assessment
  4. None of the above
8.  Which of the following is an example of an objective disease-specific measure of hearing function?
  1. Soundfield speech in noise recognition
  2. International Outcome Inventory
  3. Glasgow benefit Inventory
  4. All of the above
9.  Which of the following is an example of a subjective disease-specific measure of hearing function?
  1. Real-ear aided responses
  2. Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36
  3. Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults
  4. Speech recognition in quiet
10.  Which of the following factors are reported to be related to dementia risk?
  1. Two-thirds of dementia risk has been identified as genetic
  2. It is estimated that over one-third of dementia cases may be preventable through lifestyle measures
  3. Modifiable lifestyle factors include managing diabetes, obesity, smoking and hearing loss
  4. All of the above